GMAT AWA 模版 及 七宗罪

〓犬〓

"[B][SIZE=""3""]模版部分 [/SIZE][/B]

[B]Argument [/B]

In this argument the author reaches the conclusion that.... The basis for this recommendation is that.... An additional reason given in support of this recommendation is that...(The author cites...as an example in support of this recommendation). At first glance, the author's argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some important concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument.

In the first place,

In the second place,

In the third place,

In conclusion, the author fails to provide adequate justification for.... As it stands, the reasoning does not constitute a logical argument in favor of the recommendation. To strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide evidence to prove that.... To better assess the argument, we need additional detailed information about...so that we can establish the conclusion whether....



[B]Issue [/B]

The issue of whether...is a complex and controversial one. Different people hold different views due to their respective angles. On the one hand, as is well-known and has often been advocated, ...; on the other hand, others probably insist that.... We do not have to look very far to see the valid standpoint of this matter. In the following analysis, I would like to reason and provide evidence favoring the former one and refuting the latter one. (The complex nature of the above issue requires us to consider it on a case-by-case basis. In my point of view, whether one has advantages over the other depends on the specific circumstances.)
In the first place, the important reason that can be presented to develop my position is that.... A good example may be found in the case that.... Under this circumstance/therefore, it is obvious that....

In addition, there is another reason for me to choose the former statement/consider the latter statement to be wrong. The reason is not far to seek:.... To illustrate, a case in point in this respect is that....

Admittedly, there is no denying that...in some conditions. As we know, .... However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to.... (When...of X and Y are carefully compared, the most striking conclusion is obvious. To sum up, while...may be true in exceptional cases, I agree that....)

Consequently, I advocate that..., because: (1) ...; (2) .... Due to the above-mentioned reasons, which sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive, we may safely arrive at the conclusion I support."

〓犬〓

"[B][SIZE=""3""]Argument之七宗罪 [/SIZE][/B]

[B]第一宗罪：無因果聯繫[/B]
The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The line of the reasoning is that because A occurred before B, the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.) But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D.

[B]第二宗罪 Insufficient-sample[/B]
The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a few recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends), unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A. It is possible that.... In fact, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted.

[B]第三宗罪: 錯誤類比 (based on a false analogy )<橫向>[/B]
The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there is much dissimilarity as well. For example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do....

[B]第四宗罪 all things are equal<縱向> [/B]
The author commits the fallacy of 「all things are equal」. The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that.... The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at AA are the same as they used to be two years ago. Thus it is impossible to conclude that....

[B]第五宗罪 Either-Or choice [/B]
The author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense tells us that adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results.

[B]第六宗罪 survey is doubtful [/B]
The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. (Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that...would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of interpretations,) Until these questions are answered, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.

[B]第七宗罪 gratuitous assumption [/B]
The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that.... However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it is more likely that.... Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility"

〓犬〓

"摸板改造大法(轉CD)

有朋友問過我要所謂的模板改造大法，當時沒有收到正式成績單，不敢胡說，生怕誤導大家。今天收到了official score report, 第二次AWA也是5.5。所以斗膽和大家說說這個模板改造大法。
我第一次考試的時候，由於擔心AWA，所以臨考前狂看了兩天AWA，結果是5.5，讓我大為放心。第二次考試的時候，就沒怎麼仔細複習，考前背了背七宗罪的模板而已，結果也是5.5。有些朋友不知道怎麼用模板，如果只是機械的背下來的話，很可能會被ETS認為是抄襲而導致低分。
要說明一點，雖然大言不慚自稱""大法""，其實只是彫蟲小技應付考試而已。如果想扎扎實實的提高寫作水平，唯一秘訣就是多讀多寫。
- 改造思路
我的模板改造大法基於以下三個理解:
1. AA重要性遠高於AI。因為AA文章非常模塊化，很容易掌握提高，拿到6分。相反，AI牽涉到思路和表達手法，中國學生一般不容易有太大的提高，如果拿到6分，需要一定的語言基礎和訓練。所以，保證AA有6分，AI不要太差，那麼總分也會有5分左右。
2. 七宗罪模板提供了思路，所以思路是我們要參考的，不是我們要改造的對象。任何一個標準化考試組織都不能說考生抄襲剽竊思路。
3. 改造的對象是詞彙，短語，句式。
- 工具
改造大法最重要的工具是Merriam-Webster的電子版. Thesaurus有個非常好的功能就是提供同義詞反義詞替換，這給我們帶來了極大的方便。

此主題相關圖片置於底部:

- 舉例
下面舉個例子來說明:
第七宗罪 gratuitous assumption
The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that.... However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it is more likely that.... Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
以上是網上提供的模板原文。
我們先分析思路，原文可以分為四個層次： 1. 第一句指出邏輯缺陷。 2. 然後用一兩句話簡單闡述為什麼有這個邏輯缺陷。 3. 舉例說明。 4. 最後一句作總結。
以上思路我們保留，不用改變。事實上，七宗罪每一條都可以劃分為這四個層次.
然後結合Thesaurus, 我們看有多少能夠改變的詞彙.
第一句:
falsely: 可以用erroneously, inaccurately, incorrectly, speciously, illogically代替。 gratuitous: 可以用groundless, unfounded, unwarranted, unsupportable代替。
第二句:
stated: 可以用provided, offered代替. support: 可以用bolster, buttress代替.
以次類推，我們可以寫出同樣思路但是不同表述的句子. 比如 The author illogically relies on the groundless assumption that ... . The author erroneously depends on the unwarranted presumption that ... .
如果可以，大家也可以嘗試一下改變句式. 比如 The author commits a fallacy of ... in assuming that .... . The arugment is based on a gratuitous assumption that ... .
舉例可以用for example, for instance, It's possible that ... 等等.
這樣，只要掌握同義詞替換和句式替換，按照這四個層次的思路，大家可以輕易的寫出自己的模板，絕對不會有抄襲的嫌疑。
這個模板改造的關鍵在於擴大詞彙和句子表達方法。如果沒有Thesaurus, 也可以通過閱讀來達到目標，不過沒有那麼方便，因為需要平常留意和積累.
所以只要通過幾次練習，嘗試用不同的詞彙句式寫幾遍七宗罪，那麼基本上AA可保6分。
至於AI, 網上雖然有一些模板，但是其實幫助不大，只有開頭和結尾段，中間段需要自己組織。關鍵在於思路和表達，思路的話，所有問題都可以從經濟上，文化上，政治上來找理由支持和反對。這點我全靠臨場發揮，如果大家時間充足的話，不妨預先把提綱準備好。還是那句話，AI不要太差，AA拿6分，總分就不錯了。
最後祝大家AWA都拿到高分!
附:
關於詞彙，我曾經收集過一些拉丁詞彙，覺得可以在考官閱卷的時候提高一下自己的詞彙水平。大家可以參考一下:
status qu 現狀 vice versa: 反之亦然 de facto：事實上的 bona fide：千真萬確的 albeit：even though alibi：借口 per se：本身,本質上 sine quo non: 本質 a priori: 推理的 a posteriori：歸納的"